Aynu phonology and morpho-phonology

 

In this site the following orthographic system is used:

vowels: a, e, i, o, u

consonants: p, t, k, c, s, m, n, r, w, y, h.

 

Such system have been used for a rather long time by Japanese linguists and now is successfully used by Aynu people.

 

vowels

 

level	аааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа row
	front	middle	back
upper   middle   low	аа / i/ааааа [i]   аа /e/аааа [e]	а/a/а [a]аааа [æ]	ааа /u/аааааа [u]   ааа /o/аааааа [o]

 

consonants

 

	bilabial	dental-labial	аааааа coronal	velar	guttural
stop	аааа /p/ [p]аааа [b]		ааа /t/аа [t]аааа [d]а	аааа /k/ аа [k]аааааааа [g]	ааааа Таа glottal stopа
affricate		аа	аааа /c/ а[č]ааааа [ts]
fricative	ааа /h/ ааа [j]	аааа /s/ а [q]аааааа [s]		аааааа /h/ аааааа [h]
nasal	а/m/а /n/ ааа [m]		ааааааааа /n/ ааааааааа [n]	ааааа /n/ ааааа [ŋ]
liquid			ааааааааа /r/ ааааааааа [r]
glide	аааа /w/ аааа [w]			аааа /y/ ааааа [j]

/a/ can realizes as [a]: Aynu [ajnu] and sometimes as [æ]: Sipicara [sibitsæra] Ц a toponym;

 

/p/а can be realized as [p]: pon [pon]а УlittleФ or asаа [b] in the inter-vowel position and after nasals: rep un [rebun]а Уfrom the seaФ, Уof seaФ Sipicara [sibitsæra], usa wenpuri [usa wemburi];

 

/t/ realizes as [t]: to [to]а УlakeФ or as [d] after nasals: hemanta puri [hemanda buri] Уdue to some habitФ;

а

/k/ can realize as [k]:ki [ki] Уto doФ or as [g] after nasals: ne hawe ne nankora [nehawenenaŋgora]а Уwhat it could meanФ;

 

/c/ realizes as palatalized affricate [č]: cise [čiqe] аУhouseФ, cip [čip] УboatФ or as [ts]: Sipicara [sibitsæra], casi [tsaqi]а fortified settlement;

 

/h/а realizes as [j] (labial h) before u: hure [jure]а УredФ, humi [jumi]а УsoundФ, УnoiseФ, Huci [juči] female goddess of hearth [h]: hontomo [hontomo]а Уhalf Ф (of way), honi [honi]а УbellyФ;

 

/s/ realizes as [q] (palatalized s) before i : sinta [qinta] Ц traditional Aynu cradle, mosiri [moqiri] УislandФ, УlandФ, УcountryФ,аа and sometimes also beforeа СaТ, СuТ, СeТ, СoТ: sake [qake]а УsakeФ ,kusu [kuqu]а Уin order toФ, Уdue to this causeФ,cise [čiqe] УhouseФ, somo [qomo] Ц verbal negation moreover in the final position:а cis [čiq] аУto cryФ; or as [s]: senram [senram] УbeforeФ, sorma [sorma] УfernФ, teksama [teksama] УnearФ;

 

/n/ realizes as [n] nomi [nomi] Уto pray, to render, to honourа (somebody or something)Ф,as [ŋ] ne hawe ne nankora [nehawenenaŋgora]а Уwhat it could meanФ, or as [m] (in the case of positional assimilation): usa wenpuri [usa wemburi] Уa plenty of bad habits) Tomisampet un mat [tomisampetummat]а Уwoman from TomisampetФ;

 

Morpho-phonology

 

Musical accent. Tone rising always singles out only one syllable. If first syllable of phonetic word is closed then accent always falls to it:oyra ['ojra]а Уto forgetФ, perke ааа['perke] Уto breakФ .

If first syllable is open then accent can fall to first and to second syllable, exist pairs distinguishing only due to their accent: nina ['nina] Ц Уto chop firewoodФ, nina [ni'na] Ц Уto grind into dustФ

 

When in the end of phonetic word is СrТ then after СrТ follows vowel some additional sound in most cases itТs the same as the previous thus: ku=kor УI haveФ is pronouced nearly [kukoro], nukar УseesФ Ц nearly [nukara] and puyar Ц sacred window nearly [pujara].

 

Syllables can have CVC and CV structure only. In the CV syllable can be included any phonemes. Really all syllables have been fixed exceptа ti,yi,wi,wu. In the CVC syllable in final position can be:а p,t,k,s,r,m,n,w,y.

 

On theа syllabic junctionа чряЁх∙хэ√ rt,rn, rc, ns, ny combination are forbidden. In this connection the following positionally conditioned interchanges: r/n,r/t, n/y appear:

Originally must be:Sanca(1) or(2)=ta(3) but really appears Sanca(1) ot(2)=ta(3) Corners of lips(1) in(2-3):

or=ta à ot=ta УinsideФ

Originally must be:а Okikurumi(1)kor(2)=tresi(3) but really appears Okikurumi(1)kot(2)=tresi(3) younger sister (3) of Okikurumi (1-2) (Tresi-maci): koràkot Уhe hasФ, УhisФ;

Originally must be:

E=(1)=kor(2) rusuy (3)pe(4) but appears e(1)=kon(2) rusuy(3) pe(4) Your(1-2) desirable(3) thing(4): kor à kon;аааа

Originally must be: wen(1) seta(2) mik(3) au(4)

but really appears: wey(1) seta(2) mik(3) au(4)

terrible(1) dogsТ(2) barking(3) is heard(4)

wen à wey and so on.

ааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа